Friday, November 29, 2019

AP LIt. Definition List #4 (poetry heavy) Essay Example

AP LIt. Definition List #4 (poetry heavy) Essay Example AP LIt. Definition List #4 (poetry heavy) Paper AP LIt. Definition List #4 (poetry heavy) Paper Essay Topic: Poetry Banneret In medieval times, a knight that lead troops into battle by holding the standard or banner of the king Pennon A flag, usually found on the end of a knights lance Trochaic pentameter Trochaic tetrameter is a meter in poetry. It refers to a line of four trochaic feet. The word tetrameter simply means that the poem has four trochees. A trochee is a long syllable, or stressed syllable, followed by a short, or unstressed, one. Iambic trimeter In ancient Greek poetry and Latin poetry, iambic trimeter is a quantitative meter, in which a line consists of three iambic metra and each metron consists of two iambi (i.e., a total of six iambic feet per line), though substitutions were common, such as spondees or tribrachs for iambs Trochaic tetrameter Trochaic tetrameter is a meter in poetry. It refers to a line of four trochaic feet. The word tetrameter simply means that the poem has four trochees. A trochee is a long syllable, or stressed syllable, followed by a short, or unstressed, one. Iambic tetrmeter Iambic tetrameter is a meter in poetry. It refers to a line consisting of four iambic feet. The word tetrameter simply means that there are four feet in the line; iambic tetrameter is a line comprising four iambs. Iambic pentameter a line of verse with five metrical feet, each consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable, for example Two households, both alike in dignity. Beat a main accent or rhythmic unit Slant rhyme Half rhyme or slant rhyme, sometimes called near-rhyme or lazy rhyme, is a type of rhyme formed by words with similar but not identical sounds. In most instances, either the vowel segments are different while the consonants are identical, or vice versa. Exact rhyme Perfect rhyme - also called full rhyme, exact rhyme, or true rhyme - is a form of rhyme between two words or phrases, satisfying the following conditions: The stressed vowel sound in both words must be identical, as well as any subsequent sounds. For example, sky and high; skylight and highlight. Oxymoron a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction Chiasmus a rhetorical or literary figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form Caesura (in Greek and Latin verse) a break between words within a metrical foot. (in modern verse) a pause near the middle of a line. Epistrophe the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences. Anapestic a metrical foot consisting of two short or unstressed syllables followed by one long or stressed syllable. Dactylic a metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables or (in Greek and Latin) one long syllable followed by two short syllables. Iambic An iamb is a literary device that can be defined as a foot containing unaccented and short syllables followed by a long and accented syllable in a single line of a poem (unstressed/stressed syllables). Trochiac To define trochaic meter as simply as possible, it is a line of poetry composed of trochees. Like the iamb that is favored in over 75% of English poetry, the trochee is a basic metrical unit called a foot consisting of two syllables. Spondaic A metrical foot, spondee is a beat in a poetic line which consists of two accented syllables (stressed/stressed) or DUM-DUM stress pattern. Spondee is a poetic device that is not very common, as other metrical feet like iamb and trochee. Panacea a solution or remedy for all difficulties or diseases.

Monday, November 25, 2019

History Of KoRn essays

History Of KoRn essays Korn was formed in 1993. There are 5 members, Jonathan Davis, Munky, Head, David Silveria, and Fieldy. As a child, Jon Davis was sexually abused by his father, he has a deep hatred for what his father did to him that he expresses in the song "Daddy" off of the self titled Korn Album. He was a mortitian at the Kern County Morgue. He was 16 when he landed that job. In school he was teased by other kids, and called a "faggot" and a "queer", because of that, he earned his nickname, "HIV", pronounced "hive". Munky and Head, the 2 guitarists, were best friends, and have played together over 2/3 of their lives. Munky lost the top part of his left index finger in an accident, and Head taught Munky to play guitar. They were in LAPD together. David Silveria, the drummer in the group, is the shy member in the band. He had a good childhood and doesn't relate well to most of Korn's lyrics. He has a penis fetish, and when he signs things he usually makes a penis somewhere in it. Fieldy, the bassist, is sort of mysterious, hardly anyone knows his real name, which is Reginald Arvizu, and his past is pretty much unknown as well. On the side he has Fieldy's Dreams, a sort of combination between Rap and Hip-Hop. KoRn was formed as a result of SexArt and LAPD breaking up. Jonathan Davis, Korn's front man was in SexArt, Head, Munky, David, and Fieldy were in LAPD. After the 2 bands split, Jon Davis joined LAPD, and they changed their name to Korn. The name Korn didn't come from Kiddy pORN like Bible-Thumpers like to trick people into thinking. It came from a conversation over heard by Jon Davis while he was in a bar. The conversation was between 2 homosexuals, they were talking about eating eachother's asses, and one had dirahea and shit on the other guys face, and he had eaten popcorn. When the guy who had been shit on opened his mouth there was a corn kernal on his tongue, and every time Jon said corn, the rest of the group a ...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Leadership & Motivation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership & Motivation - Research Paper Example The organizations are focusing on effective leadership strategies and motivation process to retain employees. Lack of motivation and self confidence level of an employee can affect the organizational performance. Therefore, the organizations are trying to fulfill the personal needs of an employee to achieve significance work performance. Leadership Effective leadership strategy is an important tool that helps an individual to achieve organizational objectives and goals by influencing or motivating other employees (Williams, 2008). Successful leadership strategy depends upon specific situation and environment involved in those dynamics. Leaders within an organization have to follow several pathways to fulfill organizational goals. Following theory will help the readers to examine different kinds of behavior of a leader. Path Goal Theory of House Robert House stated that most important activity of a leader is to clarify the pathway of different goals of interests to the employees and s ubordinates. Effective leaders always try to develop a connection between the organizational goal and subordinate goal. Major objective of a leader within an organization is to improve the group performance through several motivation processes. ... In participative behavior, leaders generally consult with the employees and subordinates and then consider their views and options. Leaders with achievement oriented behavior support and encourage the subordinates or employees to apply superior efforts. The leaders try to strive for a superior level of goal achievement (Chance, 2009). Achievement oriented leaders believe that their subordinates can accomplish the goals. The characteristics of subordinates and several environmental aspects effectively influence the success. Moreover, these create potential opportunity for the successful leadership. Motivation The leaders and the managers of an organization try to motivate their employees through several motivational strategies in order to accomplish the organizational goal. Individuals can be motivated by several external environmental factors like supervision, pay, job perks and job benefits. This motivation process is known as extrinsic motivation. Moreover, people also can be motiv ated by the effective relationship between the job task and workers. This motivation process is known as intrinsic motivation. Following motivation theories will help the readers to understand about several aspects of human needs. Hierarchy of Needs Theory of Maslow Abraham Maslow established a theory based on five sets of human needs that are effectively arranged in a hierarchy. These are physiological, safety, social recognition, self esteem and self actualization needs. Physiological needs include needs for water, shelter, clothing, money and food. Safety needs include stability, structured environment and job security. Social recognition needs include affection, love, socialization, friendship and companionship. Self esteem needs include

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Effective Management in Construction Industry Essay

Effective Management in Construction Industry - Essay Example These materials are useful even to construction managers with general knowledge on management. This essay is geared towards putting together the essential components as far as construction manager's roles are concerned in ensuring the timeliness of a specific project. It tries to emphasize the traditional yet crucial management functions such as planning, organizing, staffing, budgeting, and coordinating and its contribution to the completion of the project within deadlines set. This also provides inputs or synthesis of studies related to construction industry that is contributory to improving implementation efficiency and completed projects' quality. Let us consider a project and its management in the general context in order to understand the process. Project management in the universal context is defined by most literatures as a process by which an idea or project is created, processed, and accepted, and from which resources, whether materials, financial and manpower, are allocated, directed, and carefully coordinated to achieve the goals with the optimum quality, cost, and timeliness (Hendrickson 1998, Jones 2003, FTA 2006:1-9). Based on the definition of the Federal Transit Administration, a project is "made up of a group of interrelated work activities constrained by a specific scope, budget, and schedule to deliver capital assets needed to achieve the strategic goals of an Agency" (2006: 1-3) or a corporate organization for that matter. These aspects hold specifically true for construction projects, over-all goals of which revolve around the idea of delivering the project on time, with quality, and ensuring optimum benefits to the company and the owner. The interrelated tasks inherent in a project, in most cases, require specialized workers to handle and deal with. The efficiency of the management teams in handling the works within a project dictates the pace by which it is done and is among the most crucial in completing the project within the time frame. Besides, it is the management that closely deals with the owner, users or sponsor of a construction project and "it will be wise for any owner to have a clear understanding of the acquisition process in order to maintain firm control of the quality, timeliness and cost of the completed facility."(Hendrickson 1998) There are a lot of approaches to project management that a project manager can use depending on the type of work to be done. Individual projects may vary in their scope of work and life cycle. Recent innovative approaches to project management as far as construction industry is concerned are a subject of many researches and studies in the field. These studies and recommendations from researches can be applied in the actual management of the project. FTA (2006:1-9) states that the project management process begins with identification of the user requirement, project constraints, resource needs, and establishment of realistic objectives to meet the strategic goals. The common life cycle is presented in Figure 1. It usually starts with user demand and ends up to the structures intended usable life. Figure 1 The Project Life Cycle of a Constructed Facility (Hendrickson 1998) The primary concern of the construction manager is

Monday, November 18, 2019

Ismg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Ismg - Essay Example For the company to be on the economical side; considering the fact that the company does not have a very strong financial background presently, it is suggested that ignoring the SAP was not too wrong a choice. With the rewriting also, the company did not falter so much in not choosing that option. This argument is made against the background that the company does not have the needed personnel to manage that system. Opting for outsourcing was therefore right at the time of the selection. With outsourcing, the company was sure of employing the services of experienced people whose reputation could be trusted based on their previous contracts. Trade off basically refers to the benefits that will exchanged for undertaking the requirements analysis. Considering the fact that the account payable project is a very huge project that comes with a lot of financial obligation, undertaking requirements analysis was going to be very beneficial in ensuring that the discharging company did not have to make wrong estimate with the needed requirements for the project so that it would get short of budget along the way. As noted in the case study, the winning bidder was going to bear every cost that would come apart from the agreed fee because the contract is a fixed amount contract. The trade off was therefore going to be that the winning bidder would not run at a lost for making wrong estimation and having to seek extra funding to cater for the excesses. On the surface, it may seem that the software development methodology adopted by the company was the waterfall module. However, the Hrad team themselves note that there was much more rapid over-lapping model than the traditional waterfall system. The over-lapping nature of the module is from the fact that there was an existing system that the project implementers had to rewrite a copy of. To this effect, it can be argued on a technical basis that the methodology was a prototyping. Prototyping has other

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The Role Of State In Rural Sustainable Development Economics Essay

The Role Of State In Rural Sustainable Development Economics Essay This chapter basically presents an overview of the rural sector of Pakistan with glances of comparison with the urban sector. Further on this chapter also relates to the function and specific strategies carried out by government and institutions that are required for sustainable development. The objective of this chapter is to give an insight in to the profile of rural sector of Pakistan in order to closely view the problems and enhance the efficiency of these areas by improving the quality of development activities through a professional approach. 1.1Rural Urban divide and profile in Pakistan. Pakistan, a nation, is in its developing phase even after 64 years of Independence has been making countless efforts to reach the stage of sustainable development in urban and rural areas of Pakistan. The challenges of implementation of resources and the scarcity of public funds available for allocation between urban and rural backfires against Pakistan development process, as development is naturally a risky business and the structure of Pakistans development expenditure is not stable enough to lead to sustainability. Most of the poor people of Pakistan currently live in rural areas. There are approximately 50,000 villages (Pak) According to the economic survey, 63.6% (Nizami, 2009)of the total population lives in villages. The rural population lacks tools and facilities to adequately cope with the risks and difficulties that they are often faced with. Therefore they are more vulnerable. Further on, the recent incidents like flood and earthquake in 2008 has dampened the situation in the rural areas and have made them worse off than before by destroying the agriculture sector completely. On the other hand, the economic survey of Pakistan reports that in currently 36.3% of the total population lives in the urban areas which has expanded sevenfold since 1950 (Nizami, 2009). Urban areas are more advanced and developed in telecommunication, media awareness, educational and health facilities when compared to the rural areas but issues like air pollution from industrial effluents, vehicle emissions, traffic congestion and low literacy rate pose a very strong threat to development. Overall, infrastructure and facilities in both rural and urban areas are lacking and substantial improvements are required and careful consideration needs to be provided by the government on resource allocation as it will lead towards sustainable economic growth in future. 1.2. An overview of the livelihood and provision of social services in rural settings of Pakistan; Inter-regional and Infra-regional disparities. The rural economy of Pakistan mainly consist of high population growth, with very low literacy rate, unhygienic living facilities, poor water and sanitation facilities, lack of health and infrastructural facilities. Moreover social sector of the rural economy is deprived and lacks basic facilities with household size on average greater than that of urban areas. Inter- regional disparity basically is the disparity that exists between the provinces of Pakistan whereas intra-regional disparities are the disparities that exist between within the province. The inter-regional imbalances have economic, social and political implications; in case of Pakistan the economic activities are concentrated to specific provinces. The insufficient provision of public infrastructure obstructs the private capital formation and economies in relatively lagging regions cause underdevelopment. Pakistan consists of four regions, Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan which are highly diverse in terms of size, population and level of economic activity, sizable interregional disparity exists in per capita income, the extent of disparities in employment ratio and labor productivity is also high and have growing trend since 1982. The two regions Punjab and Sindh are more advanced when compared with Balochistan and NWFP. There are technological differences also leading to difference in productivity On the other intra-regional disparity also exists in Pakistan. There is significant difference within the provinces itself due to varied economic structure and dynamism. Large gaps in the living standards have been seen due to the variations in the development stages of cities. The quality of physical infrastructure and expenditure spent by the government also contributes to disparity in Pakistan as cities with more facilities will have more exposure to opportunities and thereby leading to more income, 1.3 Transformation of Agriculture, mobility of capital from Agriculture and sustainability of rural development. In spite of the structural shift towards industrialization, the Agriculture sector still is one of the significant growth areas of the Pakistan economy, It is known to be the second largest sector in terms of labor employment and as well as GDP composition which accounts to 21% of GDP (Farooq, 2009). Its a source of living for majority of the rural population and is also the prime contributor in Pakistans exports. The efforts by the policy makers have been to encourage the growth in the industrial sector for a vision of sustainable rural development which is being funded at the expense of the agriculture sector is not an efficient approach. Even though both the sectors have a positive impact on the GDP but since most of the rural population is employed in agriculture and illiterate thus agriculture growth will lead to rural development and ultimately industrial growth. Despite the agriculture importance, a fluctuating trend has been followed by this sector over the past six years but has still shown a rise of average rate of 3.7 percent per annum. The overall performance in the year 2009 was weaker than expectations. The previous years performance showed a 4% growth so the expected growth in year 2009 was 3.8% whereas only 2% growth was seen. (Farooq, 2009) In order for Agriculture sector to advance, critical investments need to be made in new seeds, employing advance technologies and procedures and irrigational facilities which currently are not being provided. Globalization and transferability of technology in free market economy has necessitated employment of advance, cost effective and efficient technological agricultural equipment to be used by the farming community. The efficient use of scarce agriculture resources with employment of advance technology will assist in meeting the future challenges and industrial growth. Sustainable development has been defined intersection of social, environmental and economic goals (Levett, 1998).Without sustainable development in agriculture no tactic of economic reforms can be appreciated, as it is the key to raise the living standards, giving food security by reducing poverty, expanding market of industry and services and ultimately leading to sustainable development. However, the recent economic situation of Pakistan does not provide any support to industrial growth, the electricity shortage and instability in the economy has lead to low investments and shut down of many of the industries, as no positive returns were being realized. 1.4. Agriculture transformation, skilled labor migration and rural livelihood. The government has been making efforts to encourage industrial growth in Pakistan and provisions of human capital facilities have not only leaded to increase in output and income but also indirectly affected labor allocation. Education leads to a shift of rural household resources from farm activities to off-farm activities. Further on, the rapid economic growth in urban areas and the rural income inequality lead to an increase in rural urban labor migration, which caused reduction of the size of rural workforce therefore further reduction in the productivity of agriculture. From 1950à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 2008, Pakistans total population expanded over fourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fold, whereas the total population increased over sevenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ fold (Nizami, 2009). Rural urban migration does not have very positive result on an economy instead leads to adverse conditions of overloading of housing and social services, increased crime rate, pollution, unemployment and congestion in urban areas. Therefore factors contributing to the urbanization should be a major concern so that corresponding policies can be made accordingly but on the other hand, rural population of Pakistan is scattered over a vast areas of mountainous and forested terrain. Therefore it makes it expensive and difficult to extent the basic resources to all areas through migration, the population moves towards the areas where the services can be delivered with reasonable cost. In order to control the problem of skilled labor migration from agriculture, effective policies by government should be taken to reduce and minimize the rural-urban gap as its the key reason for migration. Moreover, in agriculture sector advance mechanization techniques should be adopted and a shift to land use growth. Agriculture is one of the vital sectors of economic growth in Pakistans economy. Therefore careful consideration needs to be given to it. 1.5 Government initiatives and institutions for rural development in Pakistan. The basic purpose of the government is to provide appropriate instruments and support to the vulnerable rural areas for effective and sustainable rural development. A framework must have strategies that are adequate in dealing with the problems faced by the rural areas and also emphasize on the sources and characteristics of the problems that are being occurred in order for a better understanding of the situation. Not only this task is challenging for government, NGOs and the international agencies but also varied but still initiatives are being carried out by the government to cope with the situation. However, deficiencies in the provision of basic infrastructure and social services in rural areas still remain. For the promotion of growth in agriculture sector the government has taken recently several steps which has increased the availability of fertilizer by 25.3%.The installation of tube wells and water for irrigation was enhanced by seepage control and land leveling. The positive features also include empowering local governance and greater funds accessibility under Tameer-e-Pakistan and Khushal Pakistan Programme. Further on, the permission to import machinery not produced locally at zero tariffs by the federal government has also encouraged the use of latest technology (Farooq, 2009).Other processes like laser land leveler, broad bed framing system and ridge are also being promoted by the government at subsidized prices to the farmers Through the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), rural industrialization of labor intensive industries and technologies has been encouraged by value addition and enhancing worker skills and facilitating technology up gradation. Industrial estates are also established along the motorways in close proximity for rural areas. Emphasis has been placed on provision of physical and social infrastructure, including farm to market roads, village electrification, clean drinking water and sanitation, and education and health facilities. The capacity for disaster management for floods, earthquakes, epidemics and other emergencies has also been improved and networking of training institutions will be undertaken to support the training efforts in line with the rural development strategy. National Population control programs and other policies have been adopted by the government for population control. Media awareness has been provided in the form of advertisements. The provision of Lady Health workers program and rural health centers have been provided to the rural and poor people for awareness and increasing health standards. 1.6. Rural Development, rural planning and intergenerational equity. Pakistan aims to transform itself into a just, prosperous, and sustainable society. In order it to be just, the concept of intergenerational equity is necessary to understand which basically means to keep a balance between the present and future generations with regard to the rural development and also a balance between the community and all individuals should have equal access to community resources and opportunities. While planning rural development, intergenerational equity should take into account resources utilization, rural poverty reduction and environmental degradation. With the use of resources and depletion of some resources, the options and choices available to future generations are decreased. Permanent losses can take place if the natural resources are depleted as they cannot be created by artificial scientific procedures. Therefore careful consideration needs to be given when allocating resources. Deforestation, ozone layer depletion and acid rain are the common developmental problems that future generation have to deal with if the current generations are not cautious in their consumption. Thus, environment plays a major role when making developmental plans. 1.7. Elements and sources of lack of sustainability in rural development; issues and concerns for Pakistan. The major issue and concern for Pakistan in rural development is the risk what managers and policy makers are very often faced with as Agriculture is a very risky and uncertain sector but since the risk is unavoidable in every situation so the decisions and policies should be devised by taking all possible alternate into account and gathering all the information and then choosing the best possible one with minimum risk. Moreover there is lack of proper technology facilities available in the rural settings which are also a major drawback and a hurdle in rural development process. Telecommunication technology can be used by the farmers to obtain up-to-date information on the market price leading to a clear idea of selling price that can be set. Further on, weather forecasts can also be used by the farmer for precautionary planning of the crops and farming practices accordingly. Even though efforts has been made in the past to provide credit facilities to the rural sectors of Pakistan through SMEs but government and other bank institutions still remain reluctant to provide loans as there are more chances of default in rural areas but may give loans to small farmers if they offer some sort of collateral which usually is in undesirable form. Therefore informal credit practices are mostly used by the developing countries including Pakistan as they have a better knowledge of the activities of the farmers. Illiterate population is also one of the contributing factors in the increase of poverty in rural areas of Pakistan. The skilled and somewhat literate labor migrate to urban areas in search of a better living standards and job opportunities making the development of rural areas stagnant and slow. Moreover rural areas are also not assisted with proper health care facilities therefore increasing number of diseases are being travelled throughout the rural areas mainly after the flood incident the number of waterborne diseases has increased to large extent. The highly uneven distribution of resources is one of the major concerns being faced by Pakistan. The industrialist and politicians have formed alliance and taken over the resources of the nation. Further on, urban areas are readily accessible with resources whereas rural areas continue to be neglected. 1.8. Key words and definitions. Inter-regional disparity: Disparity among provinces. Intra-regional disparities: Disparity within the provinces. Sustainable development has been defined intersection of social, environmental and economic goals (Levett, 1998) Tameer-e-Pakistan: a social intervention aimed to undertake schemes relating to federal functions such as rural electrification, gas supply, etc (2003) Khushal Pakistan Programme: a social intervention aimed at generating economic activity through public works and temporary employment (2003) Intergenerational equity is a concept that says that humans hold the natural and cultural environment of the Earth in common both with other members of the present generation and with other generations, past and future (Beder, 2000) Small and Medium Enterprise (SME): means an entity, ideally not a  public  limited company, which does not employee more than 250 persons (if  it is manufacturing concern) and 50 person (if it is trading / service  concern) (State bank of Pakistan) 1.9. Study objectives. To test the proposition that how employment in SME sector has impacted rural development. To test the proposition that how quality of institution has an impact on rural development. To test the proposition that military regime compared with other regime has an impact on rural development. To test the proposition that exchange rate depreciation has an impact on rural development Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter of extensive literature review would help develop a clear idea about what are the reasons behind the role of state in sustainable rural development in Pakistan. It enhances the previous chapter where study objectives and concerns were raised about the need for this research. 2.1 A brief profile of rural settings and rural livelihood in developing countries. Pakistan is basically an agro based economy at its developing stage but recently the slow growth, increasing unemployment and the rising costs have created problems for the policy makers to allocate agricultural subsidies in rural areas. Pakistan represents an interesting and vital projection to test market imperfections faced by the developing countries. Ramus Heltberg, in his article, talks about the market imperfections that are normally found in the rural sectors of Pakistan. According to him, the ownership of land is traditionally considered a source of status and political power in Pakistan, Therefore the urban population is unwilling to let go of their belongings in the rural areas which makes the distribution of land extremely disproportionate and unequal. Further on he pointed out that there exist policies with regard to different farm sizes, which include subsidies for mechanization and credit for large farms. Moreover, small farms cannot fulfill the collateral requirements therefore they are excluded as most of the loans for tractor etc are ultimately defaulted; a biased strategy is followed by the institutions in case of loans to large farmers. (HELTBERG, 1998). Thus showing that role of small medium enterprise is very vital in sustainable economic growth in the rural areas as they facilitate backward areas with loans and funds despite the imperfections. Emphasizes is also paid on the relationship of farm size and productivity which was inverse and one of the major factors in rural development. This study was basically carried out by taking into account Pakistani farm data and concluded that the small farms are more productive when compared to the big farms and also that they can enhance agriculture productivity and increase justice but however the effect on social efficiency remained ambiguous. (HELTBERG, 1998) With the growing economy, Credit is increasingly becoming an integral part of the process of development, even in rural areas of Pakistan. The paper by M. Ali Chaudhary and Mohammad Ishfaq, attempts to provide baseline estimates of probability of repayment from borrowers belonging to rural sector in Pakistan which is the most important component, to be estimated in access the credit risk. It also points out that that although the rural borrowing still amounts to a small proportion of the total borrowing of the country but the supply of institutional credit to the rural residents is increasing slowly. The main findings indicate that collateral should be based on potential credit worthiness of borrowers. (M. Ali Chaudhary, Mohammad Ishfaq., 2003) Further on, the study also suggests the recommendations that can be helpful for the lenders and the policy makers to design credit programs accordingly. The results also highlight that interest rate do not affect the repayment schedule much. Agriculture income is very variable in nature and the non-agriculture sector borrowers have a higher probability of repayment. Therefore the lenders should diversify the portfolio of their loan and reduce covariant risk possibility. 2.2 Indicators and instruments of assessing sustainability of rural development. Hermann Kreutzmann, in his article highlights the indicators required to assess the development in mountainous region. According to him, the sustainability of rural development of mountainous regions escapes adequate attention due to lack of appropriate methods. Further on comparative data is also absent, and it is complicated to verify the position of mountainous region within nation states. The purpose of this article was to discuss by investigating comparative approach of selected indicators that are mainly used in development reports. This discussion helped in better understanding of the application process and revealed the theoretical limitations that facilitated us with a vision to apply appropriate strategies for development. (Kreutzmann, 2001) International Year of Mountains stated that consideration and special focus needs to be given to research and application of comparative approaches. This article also used examples from the case studies in South Asian high mountain regions and introduced approaches that applied human development indicators to various regional levels. Analysis and evaluation of the results and interpretations of the indicators would reveal problems in the mountain research for further investigation. The results showed that in order for development to take in High Mountain areas, comparable indicators of development should be used to enhance our understanding of existence of disparities. Further on same development concepts applied to other regions should be used for developing countries mountainous areas. The demand to advance the living standards of the living standards of the mountain dwellers are brought into light several times but rarely realized. In order for development to progress the policy makers should identify the regions and enhance communication and facilities of people living in the mountain regions. (Kreutzmann, 2001) 2.3 Infrastructure, provision of social services and their livelihood. Mohammed A Ghaffar in his paper underlines that most of the government spending is allocated in the energy sector as Pakistan has few energy resources and the country is heavily dependent on the import of fossil fuel. It is stated, that more than 20% of foreign exchange earnings is spent on oil imports every year still the rural population consumes wood, animal and crop waste for its domestic energy needs. This paper presents the energy supply situation in the rural sector of Pakistan and identifies the energy shortage problem through means of a survey. The key findings of this paper is that very few farmers have access to electricity and those who have, mainly use it for lighting purposes which does not increase their comfort level. Farmers suffer during summer due to the shutdown of electric tube-wells when there is a shortage of irrigation water supply due to the low levels in canals. This is ultimately reflected in low productivity of farms. The load shedding has created a negative impact on the economy of Pakistan, because the industrial sector is closed down during peak hours in the evenings. The intensity of load shedding is expected to increase in future with increased demand for energy. (Ghaffar, 1995) Energy expenditures are influenced largely by other variables, such as the family size and energy consumption pattern. The contribution of electricity is negligible to overall energy supply in the rural sector. A common person in the rural sector could increase his standard of living by empolying renewable energy resources, such as solar Pv methods can be used to supply d.c. power to households and for lighting. Biogas can be used for cooking and heating purposes. (Ghaffar, 1995). Moving on the article by Nadeem Ilahi and Franque Grimard accessed the important role that women play in reducing poverty and ultimately promoting development in developing countries. (Nadeem Ilahi and Franque Grimard, 2000). Further on the article also highlighted the role of infrastructure in promoting development, it stated that infrastructure should be improved to increase the efficiency in production; it is not only confided to benefits in the production efficiency but also contributes to increase in the living standards of rural households. In the case of Pakistan, it also helps to raise the nutritional status of rural children. The article aimed to investigate how the quantity and quality of infrastructure affect the time women allocate to their various activities by focusing on the water structure and variations in the quality by taking into account the time allocated by rural women to market-oriented activities, leisure and water collection. The results concluded a negative relationship between the advancements in Pakistans water supply infrastructure and the time spent by rural women in water collection. As the infrastructure is improved, women allocate more time to income-generating activities. The social and institutional components may play a role in coming up with such a conclusion but economic opportunities and limitations should not be neglected of ignore in being one of a major influence on the time allocation of women in the developing countries rural areas. (Nadeem Ilahi and Franque Grimard, 2000) 2.4 Agricultural transformation, mobility of capital and prospects of rural development. In the article, by Shida Rastegari Henneberry, Muhhamad Ehsan Khan and Kullapapruk Piewthongngam, An analysis was carried out by basically making comparison between industrial and agricultural sectors of Pakistan for better insight in Pakistans economy and ultimately development. Pakistan is known to have heavy dependence on the agricultural sector which is carried mostly in the rural areas of Pakistan due to vast availability of land. The results showed that both the industries complemented each other, industry however grew more from agricultural growth than the other way round. Pakistans policy makers require a lot of information in order to make appropriate policies for industrial development through agricultural development. Further on, the article also stated that development of the industry will not only increase the profits of the private sector but also increase the potential of the economy causing an increase in amount of goods that can be produced more efficiently in given amount of resources. Industrialization not only benefits a nation by meeting its domestic needs but also enhances the exports through exporting the excess manufactured goods. Moreover, the excess labor is also absorbed by the industrial sector ultimately leading to an increase in income of the nation. For developing countries like Pakistan, the growth of the agricultural along with industrial sector needs to be given due importance. (Sh ida Rastegari Henneberr, Muhhamad Ehsan Khan, Kullapapruk Piewthongngam, 2000) In order to follow the footsteps of the Western world, many third-world nations have adopted the path of industrialization but if the resources are inefficiently allocated among the industrial sector, it slows the growth of the economy and also reduces the labor absorption rate of the industry and ultimately reducing opportunities for expansion of income and causing income inequalities. Therefore to avoid such a situation, development in agriculture sector is needed as it would effectively widen the income base and promote industries development with lower capital per worker ratios. This study proved that the agricultural growth has a considerable impact on the industrial growth. (Shida Rastegari Henneberr, Muhhamad Ehsan Khan, Kullapapruk Piewthongngam, 2000) Further on, this study highlighted that some policies to promote industrial development have not been implemented properly, like the interest rate subsidies are given to encourage capital structure in the industrial sector. However results showed that the policies to increase investment and industrial growth have not been able to achieve their desired objectives, showing that developing countries need not to abandon agriculture development completely to achieve industrial development. (Shida Rastegari Henneberr, Muhhamad Ehsan Khan, Kullapapruk Piewthongngam, 2000) This study basically proved that the role of institutions and bureaucracy is very vital in the rural development as they make and implement the right strategies that are required for development. 2.5 Skilled labor migration and rural development. The article basically underlines the rural development projects and schemes that reduce rural-urban migration. According to the study equalized land or income distribution with increase in cultivatable land will lead to reduced rural urban migration. Whereas on the other hand easily access to cities, commercialize agriculture, increase in rural inequalities and education and skills disparity among rural urban stimulates migration. (Rhoda) The basic approach taken by this research was to review migration theories and the empirical research, further establish rural-urban migration concerns and then evaluate the impacts of the migration on the rural development. The development strategies focused on agriculture development, provision of rural social services and off-farm employment. The study explains rural-urban migration as the household transfer from a predominantly agricultural area to area with mainly employment in non-agricultural activities. The definition did not distinguish between seasonal, temporary and permanent migration. Permanent migration is more of concern since it creates more problems for urban areas, however seasonal and temporary migration often lead to permanent migration. The factors leading to migration in this study was economic opportunities and availability of friends in urban areas. The cost/benefit model indicated that rural development decreased both the costs and benefits of migration. This research basically discusses rural-urban migration advantages and disadvantages. It also explains the costs and benefits of urbanization in Bolivia. According to the article, promoting rural-urban migration is one of the cheapest ways to reduce poverty in Bolivia as it is cheaper to facilitate basic services like electricity and health services to particular rural areas when compared to providing the facilities to vast areas of mountains or forest terrain is not only difficult but expensive also. Although rapid rural-urban migration is known as a dilemma for majority of the developing countries, but this paper highlighted the case Bolivia to prove that for some developing countries it might be a solution to many problems, by promoting rural-urban migration with reasonable policies, it may be possible to lessen most of the problems faced by Bolivian economy. In order to curb with the problem of urbanization, this article suggested that the efficient city planning with the location of streets and public areas need to publish to public so that sensible houses are constructed. 2.6 Elements of intergenerational equity and justice in rural development. 2.7 State initiatives and rural planning in developing countries. Development in rural areas is without doubt a risky business which has caused a challenging and highly varied task for the governments, NGOs and internatio

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Significance of the Earth and Sky in the Film Yellow Earth :: Movie Film Essays

Significance of the Earth and Sky in the Film Yellow Earth Yellow Earth is a foreign film that takes place in China. Although the film was made in the 80’s there is a timeless feeling to the movie, as if the events could be happening at any time. The movie follows a soldier, referred to as Brother Gu as he travels China’s poorer regions recording folk songs. During his travels he stays with a family. While witnessing the poverty of their daily lives, Gu begins to speak about the benefits of the army he is with, the Communists, for the commoners. In the movie we see two arranged marriages contrasted against the Communist city where a woman could marry who she wished or join the army. In the end we are lead to believe Cuiquao, the daughter of the family Gu stayed with, has died trying to reach the Communist army who she believes will save her from the marriage she was forced into. We also see Cuiquao’s younger brother Hanhan running to Gu when he returns. Hanhan was in a prayer meeting where all the villagers where praying for water. When we see him running to Gu we get the impression that Gu, or rather the Communists, will save the villagers. These two events affirm that this is a political film trying to portray the Communist party as the savior of the people of China. There is a particularly poignant shot where the Father, Gu, Cuiquao, and Hanhan are eating outside after Gu has helped the Father plowing. During this shot we see the four characters sitting on the ground eating. We then see the Father stand and talk about life and the harvest. While he is talking we see mostly sky in the background, but the sky is all white giving a very closed in impression. The father then sits back down and we then see an aerial shot with them eating and the majority of the frame is taken up by earth. The earth in this frame looks like a mountain or cliff so that it appears that the earth has been cut open and we are seeing a slice of the inside of it. We then see two more frames of the family and Gu eating.

Monday, November 11, 2019

The Struggle Between Tradition and Change

October 17, 2012 In Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the reader is taken on a literary journey to a Nigerian tribe, the Umuofia, to experience first-hand the struggles of a warrior named Okonkwo. At first glance, the novel appears to be written for a very specific audience: scholars familiar with Nigerian history, traditions, and culture. However, upon further examination the novel reveals itself to be a striking chronicle of human experiences, universal themes, and timeless struggles that appeal to every human, regardless of familiarity with Nigerian culture.Taken as a whole, the novel appears to be much more than the sum of its parts: syntax, diction, figurative language, imagery, repetition, and symbols. Things Fall Apart is definitely a novel with literary worth. As a story about a culture on the verge of change, Things Fall Apart deals with how the viewpoint and reality of change affect a number of characters. The tension about whether change should be privileged over traditi on often contains questions of personal status.Okonkwo, for example, resists the new political and religious orders because he feels that they are not manly and that he himself will not be manly if his agreements to join or even tolerate them. To some extent, Okonkwo’s resistance of cultural change is also due to his fear of being like his father, or in other words, loss his societal status. His sense of self-worth is dependent upon the traditional standards by which society judges him. This system of evaluating the self inspires many of the clan’s outcasts to embrace Christianity.Long scorned, these outcasts find in the Christian value system a refuge from the Igbo cultural values that place them below everyone else. In their new community, these converts enjoy a more elevated status. The villagers in general are caught between resisting and embracing change and they face the dilemma of trying to determine how best to adapt to the reality of change. Many of the villag ers are excited about the new opportunities and techniques that the missionaries bring.This European influence, however, threatens to extinguish the need for the mastery of traditional methods of farming, harvesting, building, and cooking. These traditional methods, once crucial for survival, are now to a degree, dispensable. Throughout the novel, Achebe shows how dependent such traditions are upon storytelling and language and thus how quickly the abandonment of the Igbo language for English could lead to the extinction of these traditions. In addition to cultural clash, Achebe explores the theme of masculinity versus femininity, and reveals Okonkwo’s fatal character flaw: hyper-masculinity.Okonkwo is motivated by a desire to prove himself superior to his father, who was cowardly and careless and died a poor man with many unpaid debts. He viewed his father as overly pensive, slow to act and womanly. For this reason, he frequently beats his wives, even threatening to kill the m from time to time. Therefore, Okonkwo adopts opposite traits; Okonkwo is rash, quick to act, and excessively violent. Okonkwo always associated violence with masculinity. Achebe uses figurative language like metaphors and similes to compare Okonkwo to a fire. during this time Okonkwo's fame had grown like a bush-fire in the harmattan† (1). Okonkwo gained power and importance in Umuofian society by burning lesser people as fuel. Just like a brush-fire, Okonkwo’s fame, importance, and prestige grew stronger the longer he burned. He continued to burn strong into adulthood. â€Å"[The drums] filled him with fire as it had always done from his youth. He trembled with the desire to conquer and subdue† (42). Okonkwo’s inner fire is what allowed him to conquer Umuofian society and rise above the disgrace of his father.As his fame and popularity increased, Okonkwo pursued his ideal of masculinity. Okonkwo constantly distanced himself from anything even remotely f eminine. He constantly reminded himself of his masculinity and strove to make sure all his clansmen knew of it as well. â€Å"Okonkwo was popularly called the ‘Roaring Flame. ’ As he looked into the log fire he recalled the name. He was a flaming fire† (153). The metaphor of fire is perfect to describe Okonkwo’s character, and yields a deep analysis of human feelings and personality. Like a fire, Okonkwo is violent, and burns whatever he touches.In many cases, he â€Å"burns† his own family. Throughout the novel, Okonkwo harasses on his wives and son, beats his family, and kills three innocent people not including him. In many cases, he hurts his family for trivial reasons. For instance, Okonkwo chastised and beat his son, Nwoye, for merely listening to his mother’s stories. He beat Nwoye again when he discovered him helping women with their household tasks. Okonkwo saw within Nwoye the same â€Å"effeminate† essence of his the father whom he hates so much. Ultimately, the success of Things FallApart as a novel of literary merit is due to Achebe’s use of universal literary themes like self-exploration, change, tradition, cultural clash, and masculinity versus femininity. No matter what language is spoken by the reader or what time period they come from, Achebe’s writing about the human experience is relevant and significant. Mankind has many different faces. Although fear and anger are reactions that all men have, if left unchecked, they will consume all one has worked for and eventually destroy everything that one holds dear.Because of that, before actions are taken, much consideration should be taken to make sure that personal flaws as well as flaws in society do not interfere with one's judgment. Of course, not all scholars agree with the assertion that Things Fall Apart has literary worth. Achebe’s skillful use of literary devices like metaphor, simile, imagery, and repetition demonstrate the quality of writing. Achebe’s understanding of the â€Å"human experience† demonstrates the relevance of theme. And the number of copies of the novel sold, over two million worldwide, demonstrates the universality of the story. It is safe to say that Things Fall Apart has earned widespread acceptance as a quality piece of literature.Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. New York: Anchor, 1994. Print. â€Å"Things Fall Apart. † Enotes. com. Enotes. com, n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. <http://www. enotes. com/things-fall-apart>. â€Å"Things Fall Apart Summary. † Study Guides & Essay Editing. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. <http://www. gradesaver. com/things-fall-apart/study-guide/short-summary/>.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Illicit Drug Use during Pregnancy Essay

Drug exploitation in pregnancy is an elaborate public health problem with conceivably serious conflicting effects for the mother, the fetus and spreading to the developing child. When a mother becomes pregnant, it is important to her baby’s health that she has a healthy lifestyle. This includes eating plenty of nourishing foods, getting a decent amount of rest and exercising normally. For a pregnant woman, pregnancy substance abuse is twice as dangerous because not only is it affecting her, its also affecting the baby that’s inside of her. Drugs may harm her own health, which will intervene with her ability to support the pregnancy; also some drugs can directly reduce prenatal development. All illegal drugs pose a danger to pregnant woman, Even legal substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and prescription drugs are dangerous to woman that are expecting. As many as one in ten babies may be born to woman that use illegal and prescription drugs while being pregnant. ( Kallen, Bengt; 2009) Alcohol consumption and illegal drug abuse is intensely precarious during pregnancy and therefore pregnant woman should admire their value to their child and never exploit them. Studies shown in 2008 that the amount of babies born to drug addicted mothers has almost doubled since 2003. Pregnant mothers have been using drugs during pregnancy for decades without knowing the effects it can have on their child. Even though many people assume that illicit drugs used by pregnant mothers cause no harm to the fetus there have been studies shown otherwise. If a mother uses cocaine in the early stages of pregnancy it can increase the risk of a miscarriage, when it is used later in pregnancy cocaine usage can lead to muscle spasm, feeding difficulties and sleeplessness. Cocaine has many street names such as crack, blow, snow, and coke. It is highly addictive and it is a central nervous system stimulant.  Cocaine comes from a plant that has been used for thousands of years in the most parts of the world, it comes from the coca leaf and it is the most dangerous stimulants of the natural origin. The drug can be injected, snorted, or smoked. It increases the addictâ€⠄¢s blood pressure, body temperature and heart rate. The risks that cocaine may cause to a pregnant woman are respiratory failure, heart attacks, nausea, seizures and also abdominal pain. Sudden death may also occur to first time users, because the body is not use to the adrenalin the drug is giving it. When a pregnant woman uses cocaine it crosses through the placenta and circulates through the fetus’s body, fetuses eliminate cocaine from their bodies more slowly then adults do. In assertive rare chances perinatal cerebral infraction associated with cocaine use has also been known to happen, this drug decreases uttering blood flow and increases maternal blood pressure. When placental abruption happens it can lead to preterm birth, severe bleeding and even a fatal death. Studies show that woman who use cocaine during pregnancy are at least twice and likely as other woman to have a premature baby, since cocaine cuts the flow of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, the baby may be much smaller at birth than it would be otherwise. Physically cocaine exposed babies tend to have smaller head which indicates a smaller brain. Post pregnancy babies of woman who use cocaine regularly during pregnancy are between three and six times more likely to be born at a low birth weight, less than 5.0 pounds than babies who do not use the drug. Pre-mature birth is caused by low birth weight and can be caused by poor growth before birth. Low-birth weight babies are 20 times more likely to die in their first month than normal weight babies are. The babies that actually survive are at an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation, cerebral palsy, visual and hearing impairment. In the USA, the 2004 Survey on Drug Use and Health showed that 5% of American women reported the use of an illicit drug during pregnancy. In the UK, national estimates for pregnant drug users are lacking, but studies report that approximately a third of drug users in treatment are female and over 90% of these women are of childbearing age (15–39 years of age). A study comparing the profiles of pregnant drug users presenting to a perinatal addictions service in London (UK) found illicit heroin use (38%), followed by cocaine use (24%) as primary drugs of abuse, with poly substance use common. (Rashekhar Moorthy  Madgula, MD ; 2011) Pregnancy should be taken seriously and one should implement a healthy lifestyle to keep them and their unborn child safe. A pregnant woman’s lifestyle habits as well as her partner’s can severely affect the health of their unborn baby. If the pregnant woman and her spouse have already taken these actions into consideration it should be continued throughout the entire pregnancy. It is never too late for a pregnant woman to start thinking about making behavioral changes or having withdrawals. Staying acting during pregnancy can only have a positive effect on the baby and the expecting mother with providing her feeling more energy and developing a healthy lifestyle. References BabyCentre Medical Advisory Board (2014, July). Illegal drugs in pregnancy – BabyCentre. Retrieved from http://www.babycentre.co.uk/a541318/illegal-drugs-in-pregnancy Health and Pregnancy (n.d.). Drug Use and Pregnancy. Retrieved 2009, from http://www.webmd.com/baby/drug-use-and-pregnancy Kà ¤llà ©n, B. (2009). Drugs during pregnancy. New York: Nova Biomedical Books. Narconon (2013). Drug Use During Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.drugrehab.co.uk/drug-use-pregnancy.htm Using Illegal Drugs During Pregnancy | American Pregnancy. (2011, May). Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/illegaldrugs.html

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Culture and Health

Culture and Health Introduction The third aspect of the PEN-3 Model looks at the cultural issues and health beliefs. Planners use this model to create a health education system that is sensitive to the culture of ethnic minority. The PEN-3 Model factors under cultural appropriateness include positive, exotic and negative factors. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Culture and Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay shall relate these factors to the case study A Day in the Sleep Clinic. The paper shall highlight differences in involvement of Dr. Williams’ with the three families, and effects of involvements on health outcomes. Positive Positive factors in the PEN-3 Model are perceptions, enablers, and nurturers that make a person, family, or community involve themselves in health practices that enhance and improve their health status. Therefore, planners must encourage such factors (Campbell, 1995). This is because posi tive factors in health practices are necessary in improving health status of individuals, families and communities, for instance, encouraging people to engage in physical activities. From the case study, Dr. Williams’ interactions with the Reese family have some positive factors that will improve Johnny’s health. It is obvious that the Dr. William and the Reese family could be of the same cultural background. They even have same interests particularly in horses. The doctor encourages the family to use CPAP and mask in order to enhance the patient’s sleeping habits. It is also crucial to note that the doctor does this because the family can afford it because they have â€Å"a good insurance†. Exotic Exotic factors are strange practices and do not have any harmful health consequences. Therefore, there is no need of changing exotic factors. Health planners should address what exist within different cultures, rather than considering what ought to be in the c ulture. For instance, both Sudanese and Vietnamese have different cultures from those of the US. These cultural orientations may not necessarily affect the health outcomes of patients. However, taking them into account is crucial for doctors since patients highly value them. For instance, the Sudanese family belief in superstition may not affect the health outcome in the hands of the doctor. Culturally, the family believes that someone cast an evil eye on the daughter. There is nothing Dr. Williams can do about these beliefs. However, the Dr. Williams’ interactions and decisions can severely affect the outcomes of the patient. Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, Vietnamese culture restricts addressing women when men are present. The doctor’s assumptions are wrong because he does not understand cultural orientations of Vietnamese. Vietnam ese culture also believes in herbal cures where prescriptions have failed, or to complement prescriptions. Negative Negative factors of the PEN-3 Model lead people to engage in harmful practices to their health, e.g. overeating or unprotected sex. In the case study, Dr. Williams’ practices may nurture poor practices among families and consequently affect the outcomes of his patients’ health particularly in his relations to Sudanese family who has no health insurance, language difficulties and believes much in superstitions (Jackson, 2012). The doctor’s decision to disregard sleep study has serious health outcomes for the patient. In cases where medical history of the patient is not accessible, it becomes hard for the doctor to make a decision based on a patient’s past medical history. Conclusion Cultural Appropriateness of Health Behaviour under PEN-3 Model classifies factors into positive, exotic and negative. For positive effects on patients’ he alth, the planner should identify beliefs and practices that are part of lifestyle and culture of community e.g. traditional herbs of Vietnamese and superstitions practices of Africans. Likewise, planners should also identify emerging cultural orientations with no background ties to traditional cultures e.g. changes in eating habits among Sudanese immigrants may result into health complications, and Vietnamese exposure to Western medication may affect their attitude towards health practices (James, 2004). Health planners must understand reasons behind various beliefs and how they may impact on health status of individuals and community. References Campbell, C. (1995). Health Education Planning Models. Mississippi: Mississippi Cooperative Extension Service. Jackson, C. (2012). Domains of Cultural Competency. Cross-Cultural Health, 1(3), 3- 4.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Culture and Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e James, D. (2004). Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition- related attitudes among African Americans: application of a culturally sensitive model. Ethnicity health, 9(4), 349-367.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Unit 6 Big Ideas in Science SEMINAR Research Paper

Unit 6 Big Ideas in Science SEMINAR - Research Paper Example Atmospheric Carbon also comes from decomposition of dead animals. Sedimentary rocks like limestone, as well as seashells also contain carbon. Nitrogen, on the other hand, exists in the atmosphere as nitrogen gas. This nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia gas through the process of nitrogen fixation, and the ammonia is converted to nitrites then oxidized to nitrates through the process of nitrification. Nitrogen fixation is accomplished by nitrogen fixing bacteria as well as lightning. The resultant nitrites and nitrates are converted back to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria through denitrification process. Nitrogen present in organic matter is converted into ammonia gas via ammonification process. Human activities affect the natural processes of water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles. Activities like burning of fossil fuels and coal releases nitrogen compounds, sulfur, and carbon compounds to the atmosphere, which, in addition to causing air pollution, leads to the formation of acid rain. Acid rain causes great damage to plants and animals. Increase of nitrogen in the atmosphere causes imbalance of nutrients available for plants, affecting their health and biodiversity. Other problems like leaching of nitrogen into the soil and resultant pollution and eutrophication results from increasing nitrogen in the air. Furthermore, the use of chlorofluorocarbons, CFCS, causes the breakdown of the ozone layer leading to the formation of Ozone hole. The result is an increase in occurrence of skin cancer due to penetration of ultraviolet light into the

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Global analysis of communication media in China Essay

Global analysis of communication media in China - Essay Example There is more than one factor which determines the global communication outlook of a country. For a country like China major factors that hamper its global communication issue include, but are not limited to the political and institutional based constraints the country faces, lack of knowledgeable and skillful workforce and major differences in cultural and media traditions in comparison to how they are in the west. At this stage it wouldn’t be wrong to say that China is centrally situated in the global communication setting owing to several issues. The most important of them include the fact that China is, in fact a leading super power, and the world wants to know more and more about it. They are competitive to such an extent that at the current point of time, businesses from all over the world face a threat from the Chinese businesses and hence need to be aware of what is going on there. It has been observed there are various political and institutional constraint in China t hat block the path of global communication. ... It must also be mentioned here that there are major differences in how international media anchors operates in comparison to how the Chinese counterparts do and this do. It has also been observed that Chinese officials are to be blamed for their failure to harness the country’s positive image across by using the international media to their benefit. Another major factor which pushes away China from being perfectly open to global communication the country’s media men lack proper interaction with foreign media. Moreover, they are not given proper communication and PR courses and that’s one of the key reasons why they fail to convey the fuller picture of China to the international media. The Chinese media men and bureaucracy also lack knowledge of foreign audience and that also majorly compromises the way their external communication setting. It is advisable that people involved in such places be familiar with international culture and traditions so they understand who they exactly are reporting to and present the country’s image accordingly. The national media model in the country is not a very complicated one. There are government backed broadcasters as well some private media houses in the country who are responsible for serving the Chinese population at home and abroad. It must also be mentioned here that most of the information that comes out on the media is highly susceptible to censor by the Chinese government. Any material that is deemed to be anti-government or which is likely to promote a negative image of the country abroad, even though it may be true, is censored completely and the government takes this very seriously (Golan, Johnson and Wanta, 2010). This can be understood from the fact that the internet giant Google had to shut down its